TLR7 and viral infectious disease: Although many of the TLR7/8 agonists applied in immune-mediated diseases were focused on viral infection, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HIV, vaccines and adjuvant, such as IMQ for influenza vaccine [123] and HBV vaccine [124], more and more TLR7/8 agonists have been tried in cancer immunotherapy [8, 97, 106] and gene-modified adoptive cell therapies, including TLR signaling domains in CAR T-cells [6].