In Scramble shRNA-transfected cells, EPEC induced a modest increase in host cell death relative to mock-treated cells, and this was significantly increased following ΔespZ infection (Figure 8), consistent with earlier studies.29–31 While FIS1 depletion did not impact EPEC-induced host cell death, FIS1 depletion significantly curtailed ΔespZ-induced cell death, supporting a role for EspZ-FIS1 interaction in promoting the survival of infected cells (Figure 8). Here, FIS1 is linked to infection.