Comparing HCC in the choline deficient model and choline supplemented model, significant methylation differences were seen in 11 genes previously associated with cancer (hypermethylation of TRAP1, SLC38A3, CHRM1, EDN2, and PROX1; hypomethylation of ALDH1B1, FTCD, FASTKD2, FAM96A, and ARHGAP15). Here, CIAO2A is linked to cancer.