TNF and cancer: In this cohort, 28 of the surgical cases received biologic agents, of which 13 (46%) were severe cases and one (3%) developed cancer; furthermore, the median time from deterioration to surgery was 83 days. Although a randomized controlled trial verified that infliximab reduced the risk of surgical resection compared with placebo20, a recent study reported by Murthy et al. demonstrated that anti-TNF therapy did not decrease UC-related intestinal resections in real-world practice35.