DPP4 and Insulin resistance: To test the necessity of adiposity and peripheral insulin resistance in vivo for elevated enzymatically active, circulating DPP4, we assessed plasma DPP4 activity in HFHC-fed Pemt–/– mice, which are a lean model of hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis due to disruption in de novo synthesis of choline (54) (Supplemental Figure 10A).