INS and diabetes mellitus: The principal findings of our study were that, compared with insulin, DPP-4is, secretagogues, glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and SGLT-2is were associated with lower COVID-19–related adverse outcomes in patients with diabetes and that, in addition to SGLT-2is, GLP-1RAs and metformin were also associated with relatively low risk of adverse outcomes.