GDF15 and lung carcinoma: For this reason, GDF15 was proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for early-stage lung cancer (Liu et al. 2016), and correlations between GDF15 and progression have been described for gastric (Blanco-Calvo et al. 2014), colorectal (Li et al. 2016), hepatocellular (Liu et al. 2015), NSCLC (Liu et al. 2016), renal cell (Traeger et al. 2019), melanoma (Weide et al. 2016), and oral cancers (Schiegnitz et al. 2012).