TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: This is consistent with previous reports of increased C. albicans abundance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were treated with immunosuppressants.39–41 During treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, patients with RA showed an impaired C. albicans-specific Th17 response, which led to an increased abundance of C. albicans.