The clustering analysis of KEGG pathways indicated that the SDEPs from HCC plasma sEVs were mainly involved in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways (Fig. 6B), including C1QB, C1QC, C4BPA, C4BPB, F13B, FGA, FGB, FGG, SERPIND1, PROS1, and VTN. Here, C4BPB is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.