Besides, several studies demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines initiated by hypoxia, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which might lead to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), cardiac fibrosis and failure and might also be biomarkers in RV failure. Here, TNF is linked to Right ventricular hypertrophy.