HOTAIR and urinary bladder cancer: Using the in vitro C2C12 myotube assay, we show that both human HOTAIR and mouse Hotair promote pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, thereby contributing to cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in bladder cancer cells probably through enhancing the expression of muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, including MuRF-1, UBR2, and atrogin-1 (Fig. 6).