Confirming our dose range experiments, X203 reduced AKI-induced loss of kidney mass, limited renal fibrosis, and improved renal function while lowering inflammatory (Tnfα, Il6, Ccl2, Ccl5, Il1β), fibrosis (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, Fn1, Acta2) and tubular damage (Kim1, Ngal) markers (Fig. 3e; Supplementary Fig. 4a–f). Here, ACTA2 is linked to acute kidney injury.