The trajectory results showed that dermal T cells of HC were located in the initial stage with high expression of GAS5, TLE5 and SNHG29, dermal T cells highly expressing ISGs (IFITM1, IFI44L, ISG15, and IFITM3) from DLE and SLE were located in the middle stage, and dermal T cells mainly from SLE with high expression of H1FX, HLA-A, and TGFBR2 were located in the end stage (Supplementary Fig. 4l, m). Here, TLE5 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.