First, ISGs (IFI6, IFI44, IFIH1, and DDX58) were highly expressed in epidermal T_SC1 and dermal T_SC5, which are identical to the previously reported T-SC4 in PBMCs of lupus patients9 (Fig. 5c, d, h, i, Supplementary Fig. 4e, j, and Supplementary Data 9). Here, IFIH1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.