The results showed that tRCC tumors presented stronger DST and TBK1 IHC staining than ccRCC, PRCC, ChRCC, and normal kidney tissue (Supplementary Fig. 2h), indicating DST and TBK1 were potential biomarkers to distinguish tRCC and other kidney malignancies. Here, TBK1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.