Ten peptidergic genes expressed by lung carcinoids, including four previously detected in clinical samples (GHRH, PENK, TAC1, VIP), were not found in our normal PNECs; however, all of these were expressed in only rare carcinoids so may be expressed in rare PNECs and if so should be identified on further PNEC profiling. Here, PENK is linked to carcinoid tumor.