RAP1A and diabetic retinopathy: In summary, the results of the present study demonstrate that Mingmu Dihuang pill may be effective for the clinical treatment of diabetic retinopathy through active ingredients luteolin, acacetin, naringenin, and alisol B via AKT1, SRC, and VEGFA in AGE-RAGE, PI3K-AKT, and Rap1 signaling pathways.