The parasite pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are poorly detected at the initial steps of the infection (de Pablos Torró et al., 2018); however, T. cruzi EVs can trigger inflammatory responses and promote infection via TLR2 signalling in macrophages (Nogueira et al., 2015; Cronemberger-Andrade et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is infection.