INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: At present, the common diagnostic methods, including the diagnostic index of type 1 diabetes 60, oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin, and some biomarkers for the risk prediction and clinical diagnosis of β-cell autoantigen such as Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 (Schlosser et al., 2008), C-peptide (Sims et al., 2019), and proinsulin (Titova et al., 2020), always diagnose diabetes after most β-cells are injured.