CSF1 and neoplasm: Recently, it has been demonstrated that hybrid E/M cells induce the formation of a tumor-promoting microenvironment through the upregulation of potent immunosuppressive proteins, including PD-L1, CD73 (5′-NT), CD276 (B7-H3), CSF1 (M-CSF), SPP1, galectin-3, MASP1, and SDF1 (CXCL12) (Kudo-Saito et al., 2009; Dongre et al., 2021; Mullins et al., 2022) (Figure 4).