PTTG1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Pituitary tumour-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P) activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, and elevated levels of PTTG1 and PI3K/AKT pathway activation induce the G1/S phase transition in HCC cells, increasing proliferation and promoting the EMT (Huang et al., 2018).