VCAM1 and atrial fibrillation: Moreover, activation of VCAM-1-VLA-4 signaling is associated with several types of CVDs, such as hypertensive and ischemic diseases, atherosclerosis, stroke, heart failure (HF), arrhythmias and AF (Gurtner et al., 1995; Kwee et al., 1995; Troncoso et al., 2021).