TGFB1 and neoplasm: However, in advanced tumor cells, the TGF-β signaling pathway regulates tumor recurrence and metastasis through mechanisms such as promoting angiogenesis, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), regulating genomic instability, and immune escape (Colak and Ten Dijke, 2017; Garcia-Rendueles et al., 2017).