TGFB1 and neoplasm: Numerous studies have shown that the TGF-β signaling pathway plays an essential role in the tumor immune microenvironment and can exert both pro- and anti-tumor effects (Morikawa et al., 2016; Colak and Ten Dijke, 2017; Garcia-Rendueles et al., 2017; Batlle and Massagué, 2019; Kim et al., 2021).