TNF and retinal disorder: Hyperglycemia-related diabetic CVD and retinopathy have been reported to be accompanied by the activation of proinflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (Qu et al., 2014; Feigerlová and Battaglia-Hsu, 2017; Khaloo et al., 2020).