Taniguchi and colleagues (154) reported that the formation of an IL-33–TGF-β niche was vital for the promoting effect of CSCs on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma, in which IL-33 stimulated the differentiation of macrophages and then sent TGF-β signals to CSCs to induce invasion and drug-resistance. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and squamous cell carcinoma.