CD40LG and infection: In this study, IFN-γ stimulation led to an increment in the LC3 II/LC3 I ratio of host cells after 24 h of infection, while CD154 stimulation promoted autophagy after 18 and 24 h of infection, compared with the control group (Figure 6G), indicating that IFN-γ and CD154 were able to promote autophagy at certain time points, while inhibition of SIRT1 had a supplementary role in these two processes.