INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, animal and human studies have reported that prolonged consumption of high-fat diet may produce adverse metabolic effects and up-regulate inflammatory mediators, putting the body in a state of chronic inflammation and high postprandial blood glucose and insulin response (11, 35), which is not only involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and obesity but also closely related to hepatocarcinogenesis, as liver cancer risk consistently increases with obesity and diabetes (36–38).