Figure 9 shows our proposed models for μsPEF exposure-induced HDAC4 and HDAC5 translocation in a breast cancer cell line, MCF7, as compared to a cell line, CHO-K1, commonly used in electrophysiology (Gamper et al., 2005). As supported by data in Figure 5, μsPEF exposure leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of HDAC5 within CHO-K1 cells in SOS, whereas in MCF-7 cells, μsPEF exposure elicits significant levels of nuclear accumulation of HDAC4. Here, HDAC5 is linked to breast carcinoma.