Tukey’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons showed that the insulin group exhibited significantly increased IL-1β and TNFα expression compared to the control group (Figures 4B–E), implying hyperinsulinemia could promote the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which might be caused by insulin-mediated microglia proliferation and M1-like polarization. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is hyperinsulinism.