Its main functional mechanism includes secretion of virulence factors, vacuolar toxin A (vacA) and cytotoxin-related gene A (CagA), and activation of multiple pathways, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, S6 kinase pathway and cell cycle progression pathway, to abnormally transform cell proliferation, cell cycle transition and cell death, thereby promoting cancer development (45). Here, EGFR is linked to cancer.