Furthermore, Martinez-Valbuena et al found phosphorylated α-Syn deposited in pancreatic β cells in 93% of patients with PD and 68% of patients with T2DM who had no clear neuropathological alterations, and IAPP/α-Syn interactions occurred in patients with pancreatic inclusions of phosphorylated α-Syn [31]. This evidence concerns the gene IAPP and Parkinson disease.