VEGFA and neoplasm: CMCS-NCTD significantly increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and E-cadherin, and reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and MMP-9, indicating that CMCS-NCTD may prevent tumor growth by regulating key cytokines associated with tumor immunity, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix degradation and epithelial mesenchymal transition.