NFKB1 and neoplasm: Moreover, NCTD can induce tumor cell apoptosis by promoting ROS production, regulating the caspase-mitochondrial pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related pathways, blocking the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway, decreasing the Bcl-2 and survivin expression, and increasing the caspases, p53 and Bax expression [194–198].