Five out of 12 biomarkers (IL-10, TGF-α, TIM-3, TRAIL, and VEGF) exhibited good discriminatory properties (AUC > 0.8) for both EC subtype groups when compared to benign conditions, and three biomarkers (IL-6, MCP-1, and MDC) exhibited good discriminatory properties for other EC subtype, but not for the low-grade EEC group, in the previous univariate ROC analysis (Fig. 3). Here, VEGFA is linked to exstrophy-epispadias complex.