The analysis comparing low-grade EEC or other EC to benign conditions revealed seven proteins with good discriminatory properties for both EC subtypes: TIM-3 (AUC 0.86 and 0.90), IL-10 (AUC 0.84 and 0.90), TRAIL (AUC 0.82 and 0.90), TGF-α (AUC 0.82 and 0.87), CYFRA 21-1 (AUC 0.82 and 0.93), VEGF (AUC 0.81 and 0.88), and TNFα (AUC 0.80 and 0.86) (Fig. 3A-G and Supplementary Fig. S2). Here, TNF is linked to exstrophy-epispadias complex.