Quantitative PCR indicated a significant increase in the expression of renal fibrosis-related genes such as TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor beta 1) and Col1a1 (collagen alpha-1 type 1) in the kidney of the CKD mice compared to control mice (Fig. 4A,C). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is renal fibrosis.