While we observed a large variation in the total amount of infiltrated leukocytes in the untreated RCC tissues, a statistically significant increase of total leukocyte infiltration (CD45+), as well as of T lymphocytes (CD3+), was measured in RCC tissues after treatment with both types of VEGF-targeted therapy (Fig. 2a, b). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and renal cell carcinoma.