CKD results in dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, leading to increased production of various uremic toxins, including LPS, p‐cresyl sulfate (p‐CS),26 trimethylamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO), which accelerate the progression of CKD to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) by intensifying inflammation27 and increasing the expression of inflammatory factors, such as IL‐1 and IL‐6. Here, IL1B is linked to chronic kidney disease.