TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: For example, MSCs exposed to BALF samples obtained from healthy adult subjects demonstrated an altered secretome profile with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediator such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), CCL2, CCL-8, interferon-beta1 (IFN-β1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) compared to MSCs exposed to ARDS samples or phosphate-buffered saline control (33).