(4) subdivided diabetes into five subtypes based on six indicators [glutamate decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), age at disease onset, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment 2 to estimate β-cell function (HOMA2-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR)] of patients with diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene GLUL and diabetes mellitus.