For example: (a) immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-B, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-23 secreted by Tregs, MDSCs, or TAMs suppress NK cell function and induce tumor evasion and progression (101); (b) NK cells are excessively activated by mononuclear macrophages through CD48/2B4 interactions, thus inducing NK cell exhaustion and death (102); and (c) increased lactic acid content in tumor cells leads to metabolic reprogramming, resulting in NK cell dysfunction (103). Here, CD48 is linked to neoplasm.