Compared with the other groups, the rates of CD4+IFN-γ+CD38+CD27− in the TB culture− group were higher than in the LTBI (P < 0.001), NTM (P = 0.003), OD (P < 0.001), and HC groups (P < 0.001) (Fig. 5A). This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and tuberculosis.