CD38 and Turner syndrome: To demonstrate that the embryoid model recapitulates pathogenetic processes of Turner syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases, transcriptomes of both hiPSCs and the corresponding CD38+ hPGCLCs of three karyotypes, 45,XO, 46,XX, and 46,XY, were analyzed to identify differential expressed genes (DEGs) in 45,XO during the specification process of hPGCLCs derived from hiPSCs (Fig. 2a).