The most recent systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of PSA for prostate cancer in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms found that a PSA threshold of 4 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.88, 0.96) specificity of 0.20 (95% CI 0.12, 0.33), and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.72 (95% CI 0.68, 0.76), although this did not factor in patient ethnicity and studies were at high risk of bias [13]. Here, KLK3 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.