For example, Nonaka et al. demonstrated that mice expressing AID in the skin spontaneously developed skin squamous cell carcinoma with Hras and Trp53 mutations that presented the characteristic AID motif47; this was also reported by Sawai et al. in precancerous lesions in AID Tg mice15 and by Li et al. in AID-induced mutations within the p53 gene in colorectal cancer46. Here, HRAS is linked to skin squamous cell carcinoma.