TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), crocetin suppressed hepatic fat accumulation and steatohepatitis, and decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1, while increasing the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) that are both key regulators of cellular resistance to oxidants (9).