Considering this evidence, it is possible that the distinct effects of hydrocortisone in PTSD and BPD vs. healthy volunteers reflects a developmental-stress-mediated change in glucocorticoid receptor functioning in chronic and complex PTSD and BPD, the neuropsychological symptoms of which can be partially remediated by the administration of exogenous cortisol. Here, NR3C1 is linked to post-traumatic stress disorder.