TNFSF11 and neoplasm: All AM-1 and AM-3 tumouroids with acellular and HGF stroma positively stained for RANKL compared to the control with the tumour islands showing a higher percentage of positive cells compared to the stroma (Fig. 6), (Supplemental Fig. 3). In AM tumouroids with HGF stroma, fibroblasts adjacent to the tumour region of the 3D tumouroid showed weak RANKL expression (Fig. 6B & D), (Supplemental Table 3 &4). In acellular stroma, AM-3 (92.67 % ±3.02) showed a significantly higher percentage of RANKL-positive cells compared to AM-1 (68.19 % ± 8.82) (p < 0.0005) (Fig. 6E).