CSF1R and neoplasm: In a study by Qian et al. 41, they used M2pep and α-peptide-modified lipid NPs to systemically transport anti-CSF1R siRNA (siCD115) to melanoma and selectively targeted M2-like TAMs for molecular-targeted cancer immunotherapy, thereby specifically blocking the survival signal of M2-like TAMs through inhibition of CSF1-CSF1R pathway by siCD115 and abundantly eliminating them from tumor tissues, followed by the effective activation of antitumor immune responses (Figure 6A-C).