Based on the publication of the novel insight, a study using whole-exome sequencing algorithms to analyze high-affinity neoantigens (HANs) in tumor tissues from 56 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma revealed that HANs were associated with improved overall survival and the frequency of CD39+CD8+ TILs in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and identified HANs− specific CD8+ T cells in CD39+CD8+ TILs, which suggested that HANs triggered antitumor activity by activating tumor-specific CD39+CD8+ T cells, and CD39 could serve as a reliable marker for identifying TSTs (35). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and hepatocellular carcinoma.