In addition, a study of clinical staging of patients with bladder cancer (n=46) revealed that CD39 expression in CD4+/CD8+ T cells was markedly associated with tumor pathological T stage and tumor histology, and CD39+CD8+ T cells presented more potent tumor killing effects by producing higher levels of IFN-γ than other T cell populations (37). Here, ENTPD1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.