ITGAE and lung carcinoma: Recently, direct evidence was obtained in the transcriptomic analysis of mutation-associated neoantigens (MANA) in lung cancer treated with anti-PD-1 therapy; ~90% of MANA-specific CD8+ T cells had the same signature transcriptional program as TRMs, which indicated the presence of TSTs in the TRM population, and CD103, the marker defining TRMs, might also act as a marker for identifying TSTs (64).