MAPK 1 promotes cell proliferation and differentiation through cell cycle processes while inhibiting apoptosis.[23] Study shows that MAPK 1 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation.[24] In addition to its important role in human reproduction, ESR also has a significant impact on adipose tissue and metabolism, bone, cardiovascular, brain and immunity.[25] ESR1 KO mice were found to have reduced myocardial hypertrophy.[26] Common ESR1 polymorphisms are significantly associated with age-related changes in left ventricular structure. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cardiac hypertrophy.