Biological markers of obesity, such as lipid profile (Anstey et al., 2017, Reitz, 2012), glucose (Crane et al., 2013), HbA1c (Ramirez et al., 2015), leptin (Zeki Al Hazzouri et al., 2013), and Vitamin B12 (Lauer et al., 2022), may also influence associations between adipose tissue and brain health, and contribute to risk of comorbidities such as type II diabetes and hypertension, which are known to impact neural and cardiometabolic health (Cole, 2020, Fuchs and Whelton, 2020, Newby et al., 2022, Peters et al., 2014). Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.