VHL and kidney cancer: The numbers and types of pathogenic and likely pathogenic mutations for kidney, bladder and prostate cancers are shown in Fig. 1A. It can be observed that for pathogenic mutations, GJB2, MET, MUTYH and VHL ranked top in kidney cancer, and ATM and CHEK2 ranked top for bladder cancer, while ATM and BRCA1 ranked top for prostate cancers.